UVA rays emitted by the Sun penetrate deep into the skin, causing genetic damage to collagen and elastin cells within. This process is known as photoageing.​

Commonly found in high concentrations in city capes, prolonged exposure to pollutants cause damage and mutations to vital skin DNA. ​

Another city-dwelling factor, free radicals oxidise the skin, destabilising skin cells and accelerating the ageing process. ​

Stress results in the body forming greater amounts of cortisol. This stress hormone breaks down collagen and elastin, accelerating ageing from within. ​

A commonly forgotten factor, facial muscles are responsible for “holding up” the layers above it. Weakening facial muscles cause the skin above to sag over time.​

Late nights affect the skin’s circadian rhythm. This natural body clock switches the skin’s functions based on the time of day – protective in the day, reparative in the night. Late nights delay this cycle, resulting in poorer reparative cycles and expedited ageing.